Primary and Secondary Sources Their Meaning in History

The concept of ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ sources is key to studying and writing history. A ‘source’ is anything that provides information, from a manuscript where words tell you things to clothes that have survived centuries and provide details on fashion and chemistry. As you can imagine, you cant write history without sources as you would be making this up (which is good in historical fiction, but rather problematic when it comes to serious history.) Sources are usually divided into two categories, primary and secondary. These definitions would be different for the sciences  and the below apply to the humanities. Its worth learning them, they are vital if youre taking exams. Primary Sources A ‘Primary Source’ is a document that was written or an object which was created, in the time period in which you are working. A ‘first hand’ item. A diary can be a primary source if the author experienced the events they recall, while a charter can be a primary source of the act it was created for. Photographs, while beset with problems, can be primary sources. The key thing is they offer a direct insight into what happened because they were created at the time and are fresh and closely related. Primary sources can include paintings, manuscripts, chancellery rolls, coins, letters and more. Secondary Sources A ‘ Secondary Source’ can be defined in two ways: it is anything about a historical event which was created using primary sources, and/or which was one or more stages removed from the time period and the event. A ‘second hand’ item. For instance, school textbooks tell you about a time period, but they are all secondary sources as they were written later, usually by people who weren’t there, and discuss the primary sources they used when being created. Secondary sources frequently quote or reproduce primary sources, such as a book using a photograph. The key point is that the people who made these sources are relying on other testimony rather than their own. Secondary sources can include history books, articles, websites like this one (other websites might be a primary source to ‘contemporary history’.) Not everything ‘old’ is a primary historical source: plenty of medieval or ancient works are secondary sources based on now lost primary sources, despite being of great age. Tertiary Sources Sometimes you will see a third class: the tertiary source. These are items like dictionaries and encyclopedias: history is written using both primary and secondary sources and shrunk down to the basic points. Weve written for encyclopedias, and tertiary is not a criticism. Reliability One of the primary tools of the historian is the ability to study a range of sources and assess which is reliable, which suffers from bias, or most commonly which suffers from the least bias and can be best used to reconstruct the past. Most history written for school qualifications uses secondary sources because they are effective teaching tools, with primary sources introduced and, at a higher level, as the dominant source. However, you can’t generalize primary and secondary sources as reliable and unreliable. There is every chance a primary source can suffer from bias, even photographs, which are not safe and must be studied just as much. Equally, a secondary source can be produced by a skilled author and provide the best of our knowledge. It’s important to know what you need to use. As a general rule the more advanced your level of study the more youll be reading primary sources and making conclusions and deductions based on your insight and empathy, rather than using secondary works. But if you want to learn about a period quickly and efficiently, selecting a good secondary source is actually best.

Different Forms Of Impression Management - 945 Words

I analyzed Facebook postings from a person B, who is my friend. I found the following theme on her Facebook which there were three pictures of the person B with her boyfriend, one when they were hugging each other and facing to the beach. The other two when they were eating in the restaurants. There were also a lot of pictures of food the person was eating, the place she was hanging out with her family and friends. I also found two images when she stayed at home. Besides that, there were four selfie photos when she was getting ready to go out. She called that were the check in pictures. In much the same way as Goffman described life as a play; it called â€Å"Dramaturgy†, people are learning to perform their self in everyday life. Erving Goffman defines dramaturgy, â€Å"in which social life is analyzed in term of drama or the stage;† (115). Social media allows people to use different forms of impression management. According to Henslin defines impression management, â €Å"People’s efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them.† (115) In my analysis of person B’s Facebook posts I noticed several trends. In the four photos that were selfies I noticed some particular facial expressions, one of Goffman’s sign vehicles. In the four selfies I analyzed, the person was smiling as her facial expression. I believe that the reason she makes this face is to give the impression that she was happy, and make the others who checked her pictures feel happy and think of her as a friendlyShow MoreRelatedSocial Networking Sites For New Media Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesa broad topic can be defined as a â€Å"form of communication which transmits information through a medium that uses routers and servers via high-speed internet and involves materials been received via desktops, computers, tablets and smartphones†. 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Therefore, while we do ultimately react in accordance to our roles and do so with poise, how we manage to control the self to do this is followedRead MoreFacebook And Social Networking Sites Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagestopic can be defined as a â€Å"form of communication which transmits inform ation through a medium that uses routers and servers via high-speed internet and involves materials been received via desktops, computers, tablets and smartphones†. In this paper, I will like to convey how the dramaturgical model of social interaction on the use of Facebook reveal how humans communicate their identities using front stage, back stage and impression management to have a perceived view aboutRead MoreSelf Presentation Theory - Consumer Behaviour1622 Words   |  7 PagesFrancis Bacon WHAT IS SELF-PRESENTATION? Self Presentation is part of the Self Concept and Impression Management theory. Impression management (IM) theory suggests that any individual or organization must establish and maintain impressions that are compatible with the perceptions one wants to give to the public. From both a communications and public relations viewpoint, the theory of impression management suggests the vital ways in which one establishes relationship between personal or organizationalRead MorePublic Relations : New Or Old?1407 Words   |  6 Pages Impression Management approach to Public Relations: New or Old? According to L’ Etang (2007), Impression Management in the past appeared to be a tactic of manipulation in Public Relations. As the theory governs a process to construct an image, PR practitioners were accused of being image makers who use symbols or messages to control how the organization is perceived (Grunig, 1993, p. 125). Grunig describes images makers as people who â€Å"create and project an image out of nothing† and in agreementRead MoreIdentity Is The Idea Of Knowing Who You Are1534 Words   |  7 Pagesyou truly are, and sometimes many people do not know your true identity, they get the impression that you wish to make. Your impression is how others see you, what they see everyday. Your impression on others is based on many things, many people build their impressions purposely, making sure people see certain things, others let the people around them make an impression by judgement. Either way, the impression is based on many observable clues such as, age, sta tus characteristics such as race andRead MoreInfluence Of Self Presentation On The Perception Of The Personality Of A Person1178 Words   |  5 Pagestheir behaviour. Everyone consciously or subconsciously wants to influence the perception of their image. This phenomenon is called impression management, a process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event. People practice impression management during both online and offline interactions. Impression management during online and offline interaction gives rise to the question: can online interactions be as significant as offline interactionsRead MoreAn Reflection On The Impression Formation1723 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Impression is a long lasting image of a person created in our minds which can last long for years. There are a lot of research done by Solomon Asch (1946), Bruner Taiguri (1954), Rosenberg, Nelson Vivekanathan (1968) to understand Impression Formation. According to Solomon Asch (1946) at a glance of any person an impression of his personality can instantly form. Even by looking or talking with that person a whole story about his entire character can be told. These impressions can be formedRead MoreErving Goffmans Front Stage1417 Words   |  6 PagesErving Goffman has termed it front stage, example of some of this actions are class room lecturing, coming around a dinner table with our family, going for shopping, preaching at churches, etc. From the above example, we can see that whatever we do is a form of acting before people and it seem like it is something that has been planned ahead of time and well organized. In most of this errands, we hardly make mistake because it is somet hing that has been planned and organized well before taking initiatingRead MoreImpressions of the Chair Essay examples726 Words   |  3 PagesThere are various forms of communication. Of course, verbal communication is used without hesitation, but not often do people think of the various forms of non-verbal communication that is portrayed. Non-verbal communication is just as important as the verbal communication in any setting. 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E-Business Strategies of America

Question: Discuss about the E-Business Strategies of America. Answer: Current strategies assessment: American well is the company that providing the e-service and telemedicine services to the patients and they have the objectives to expand the business. In this case, the pestle analyses have done in order to analyze the market conditions of the organization. In addition to that, the organization has adopted the modern technologies to provide e-service to their patient. In this case, they have hired many it based medical employees who can control the organization and able to provide the services the customer smoothly (Proctor et al. 2013). In this case, the patient will be able to get the suggestion of the doctors from their home. In this case, the patients will have to be aware about the technologies otherwise the patient will not be able to get the services of the organization properly (Laudon and Traver, 2010). The organization has adopted the telemedicine services to their patients and the doctors who are attached with the organization will be well aware about the technologies. T herefore, the organization will be able to provide the services to the patients. In this case, porters five-force analysis also has done in order to know more about the market strength of the organization. In this case, the five force of analysis can describe the power of suppliers and power of customers of the organization (Gwinner, Gremler and Bitner, 2014). In addition to that, with the help of this analysis the organization will be know more about their rivals and their strength in order to analyze the market of the organization. In this case, the threat of the substitute goods also can be known that can harm the business of the American well (Mahadevan, 2016). In addition to that, the organization can be able to know more about the political strength, economical strength, social strength, technological aspects of the organization will be discussed and this will help the organization to expand their market within a stipulated time period. In addition to that, legal aspects of th e organization can also be discussed for which the organization will be able to avoid any kind of unfair situation that hamper the business of the organization (Nayyar, 2013). In this case, the core competencies has also be discussed that help the organization to develop the market and it helps the organization to capture more market share within a stipulated time period. The resources of the organization and their types are also discussed in this case of the organization that helps the organization to achieve the higher growth rate (Sampson and Froehle, 2013). In addition to that, the employees and their potentiality have also discussed in order to know more about the capabilities of the organization. The technologies that are used by the American well in order to know about the development of their process and how much they are enable to satisfy the Patient of the organization and how much they are able to attract more patients by their services. In this case, the American Well has to adopt an efficient business strategies in order to extract the more market power in addition to that, it helps theAmerican Well to stay in the competitive market in long ru n (Damanpour and Damanpour, 2012). In order to complete, the PESTLE analysis of the organization then some other aspects of the organization has discussed like the demand of the services and the nature of the consumer and their choices. It helps the organization to alter their service process and on the basis of this the organization has arranged the training and development program for the employees (Fano and Gershman, 2014). In effect of this, the employees of the American Well are able to serve the services according to the demand of the patients. As a result of this, the organization is able to achieve the maximum profit and be able to achieve the sustainable development in their services (Amit and Zott, 2015). In this regard, the organization will be able to capture the more market share and they can be able to charge lower price from the patients (Porter and Teisberg, 2012). In this case, the organization will be able to attract more customers within the short period of time. In this case, the organization will be able to maximize their sales and as a result of this the organization can restrict the entry of other organization in the industry. In this case, the organization can adopt some other advanced technologies that are recommended by the researcher who have developed the current strategies of American well. In this case, the doctors have to more technology savvy and they have to be able to prescribe telemedicine for the patients (Grandon and Pearson, 2013). In this case, the patients also have to be able to get the medicines otherwise; the services of the American well will be in vain. In this case, the organization cannot be able to stop the services to the patients otherwise, patients will not be able to free from the risk. On the other hand, the organization has to set the alternative process if the existing process unable to provide the emergency services to the patients. As a result of this the organization can lose the customers because the organization has providing the emergency services to the patients (Laudon and Traver, 2010). In this case, the organization has to hire the labors that have the potentiality to increase the service quality of the organization otherwise, the organization can lose the market share and the organization cannot be able to achieve the higher growth rate. In order to achieve the targeted growth rate within the short period of time the organization has to alter the business strategies for which the organization can be able to attract more customers in the industry (Mahadevan, 2016). The organization can be able to provide the better customer service to patients if they able to develop the customer base and customer service desk otherwise, the organization will not be able to develop the market and not be able to exist in the competitive market in long run (Proctor et al. 2013). New strategies: In order to develop new business strategies the organization will have to follow the roadmap for e-business strategy implementation. In this case, the organization will have to clear the vision and objectives of the business (Damanpour and Damanpour, 2012). Otherwise, the case will be difficult for the American Well to achieve the targeted growth rate. Additionaly, the organization will have to concentrate to add value within their business otherwise; the American Well will not be able to expand their business further. In this new business strategy the organization, have to set the target segments of their customer in order to maximize their services (Proctor et al. 2013). In addition to that, the legal, ethical and privacy issues of the organization should be discussed clearly otherwise, the unnecessary legal issues can arise. In this case, external partners and the organizational model will be discussed otherwise; the growth process of the organization will be hampered. In this reg ard, the organizational model can be altered In this case to achieve the growth rate of the organization. In order to develop the new strategies American well has to develop new revenue and cost mode in order to touch the targeted growth rate within a stipulated time period. Now, this business strategy will be discussed: Vision: In order to develop the new business strategy the organization has to adopt a clear vision of the organization in this case, the vision of the American well will be provide their qualitative services to more customers in order to achieve the vision (Porter and Teisberg, 2012). In this case, it will help the organization to attract more customers in the industry and as a result of this the organization can maximize their profit and be able to achieve the targeted growth rate. Objectives: The clear objectives of American Well are to capture the more market share and lower the price of the services (Nayyar, 2013). In this regard, the American Well will be able to enhabnce their service quality and in addition to that, the organization can able to capture the monopoly power of the market. In this regard, the American well can be able to restrict the entry of other organization in order to check the competition of the market (Laudon and Traver, 2010). Value creation: In this new business strategy the American well must able to create value within their business otherwise, it will be difficult for the organization in order to expand their business (Lovelock, 2013). In this case, the organization has to adopt the appropriate business strategies in order to create more value within the business. In addition to that, if the organization is able to add more value in the business then the customers can be able to get the benefits from the business (Team, 2015). Target segments: In this case, the organization will set the target segment for their customers for whom the organization can be able to maximize their sales (Short and Venkatraman, 2012). In effect of this, the organization can be able to maximize its profit for which the organization can be able to capture more market share within a stipulated time period. In this case, the organization can be able to provide services to more number of customers. As a result of this, American well can able to get the monopoly power of the industry (Fano and Gershman, 2014). Privacy, ethical and legal issues: In order to develop the new business strategy the organization has clear all the privacy, ethical and legal issues of the organization on order to avoid the legal issues of the organization (Porter and Teisberg, 2015). In this case, the service of the organization can be hampered and it may the cause for which the organization cannot be able to achieve the targeted growth rate within the stipulated time (Shortell and Zajac, 2012). External partners: The external partners of the American well can be discussed in order to clarify their responsibilities. In this case, the external partners of the organization will be government, suppliers, customers, distributers and so on. In this case, the external partners of the organization can help in the development process of the organization (Price, Arnould and Tierney, 2015). In this case, the government can play an important role because the government that helps in the revenue enaration process of the organization can reduce the tax. Therefore, all the external partners have the significant role in the business of the American well (Wickramasinghe et al. 2014). Organizational model: In the new business strategy, the organization has to alter the organizational model and an appropriate organizational model will be incorporated in the business for which the organization can be able to touch the higher growth rate within the stipulated time period (Damanpour and Damanpour, 2012). In this case, the organization can also alter the organizational culture. In effect of this, the employees of the organization can be able to provide more qualitative services to the customers of American well (Mahadevan, 2016). Revenue and cost model: In this case, the organization will adopt a new revenue model for which the organization can be able to maximize its revenue by increasing price of the customer or by maximizing the services to the customer (Shortell and Zajac, 2012). In this case, the organization will be able to capture the monopoly power of the market if the organization can maximize the number of services to the customers. If the organization increases the price of the services then the organization will lose the customer share of the market (Proctor et al. 2013). In addition to that, the cost models of the organization will also be changed in order to reduce the cost of the services. If the organization is able to reduce the cost of the services then the American well can be able to earn more profit from the business (Laudon and Traver, 2010). Strategy alignment: In order to incorporate this business strategy within the business of the organization then the alignment of the strategy should be maintained otherwise, the new business strategy would not be fruitful. In this case, more research will be required in order to develop a new business strategy for American well (Amit and Zott, 2015). In this case, the organization can be able to develop their market my adopting this new business strategies and by following this steps, the organization can be able to achieve the higher growth rate within the stipulated time period (Grandon and Pearson, 2013). The organization can be able to provide the qualitative services to the patients if the organization can be able to follow the steps of the business strategies. Recommendation: In order to run the business some additional recommendations are required for the organization. In this case, the business strategy of the organization will be critically discussed and it will be compared with the old business strategy of the organization (Shortell and Zajac, 2012). In this case, the organization will be able to alter the business model of the organization if the American well is not able to get the higher profit (Laudon and Traver, 2010). In this case, the some changes can be taken place in the new business model of the organization. In addition to that, the organization can be able to alter the technologies that are used in the business of American well (Fano and Gershman, 2014). In this regard, the modern technologies can be incorporated in the business of the organization otherwise, it will difficult for them to attract more customers. In addition to that, the organization will employ those employees who can be able to add more value within the business of the or ganization (Proctor et al. 2013). Therefore, the organization will be able to charge the lower price for the services and the organization can be able maximize the number of services of theb organization. Now, the recommendations of the researcher are: The organization should have to change the existing technologies that are used in the American well. In this case, the quality of the service of the organization has to be increased otherwise; the organization will not be able to achieve the higher growth rate (Fano and Gershman, 2014). A new business model is required where the different organizational culture, leadership style will be followed and this will help the organization to increase the quality of the service. The revenue and cost model will also be changed in order to restructure the service structure of the American well and it will help the organization to reduce the cost of the service. In effect of this, the organization will be able to provide the qualitative service at lower price (Damanpour and Damanpour, 2012). The organization will employ the efficient labor who can be able to create value within the organization. In order to do this, the organization will arrange the training and development program to develop an efficient labor force (Wickramasinghe et al. 2014). By following this recommendations the American well can be able to maximize the profit of the business. References: Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2015. Value creation in e?business.Strategic management journal,22(6?7), pp.493-520. Ball, M.J. and Lillis, J., 2013. E-health: transforming the physician/patient relationship.International journal of medical informatics,61(1), pp.1-10. Damanpour, F. and Damanpour, J.A., 2012. E-business e-commerce evolution: perspective and strategy.Managerial finance,27(7), pp.16-33. Fano, A. and Gershman, A., 2014. The future of business services in the age of ubiquitous computing.Communications of the ACM,45(12), pp.83-87. Grandon, E.E. and Pearson, J.M., 2013. Electronic commerce adoption: an empirical study of small and medium US businesses.Information management,42(1), pp.197-216. Gwinner, K.P., Gremler, D.D. and Bitner, M.J., 2014 Relational benefits in services industries: the customers perspective.Journal of the academy of marketing science,26(2), pp.101-114. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2010.E-commerce(Vol. 29). Pearson/Addison Wesley. Lovelock, C., 2013.Services Marketing, 7/e. Pearson Education India. Mahadevan, B., 2016. Business models for Internet-based e-commerce: An anatomy.California management review,42(4), pp.55-69. Nayyar, P.R., 2013. Information asymmetries: A source of competitive advantage for diversified service firms.Strategic Management Journal,11(7), pp.513-519. Porter, M.E. and Teisberg, E.O., 2012.Redefining health care: creating value-based competition on results. Harvard Business Press. Porter, M.E. and Teisberg, E.O., 2015. Redefining competition in health care.Harvard business review, pp.64-77. Porter, M.E., 2015. Locations, clusters, and company strategy.The Oxford handbook of economic geography, pp.253-274. Price, L.L., Arnould, E.J. and Tierney, P., 2015. Going to extremes: Managing service encounters and assessing provider performance.The Journal of Marketing, pp.83-97. Proctor, E.K., Landsverk, J., Aarons, G., Chambers, D., Glisson, C. and Mittman, B., 2013. Implementation research in mental health services: an emerging science with conceptual, methodological, and training challenges.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,36(1), pp.24-34. Sampson, S.E. and Froehle, C.M., 2013. Foundations and implications of a proposed unified services theory.Production and operations management,15(2), pp.329-343. Short, J.E. and Venkatraman, N., 2012. Beyond business process redesign: redefining Baxter's business network.Sloan management review,34(1), p.7. Shortell, S.M. and Zajac, E.J., 2012. Perceptual and archival measures of Miles and Snow's strategic types: A comprehensive assessment of reliability and validity.Academy of management Journal,33(4), pp.817-832. Team, N.B.A.S.E., 2015. Corporate culture. Wickramasinghe, N.S., Fadlalla, A.M., Geisler, E. and Schaffer, J.L., 2014. A framework for assessing e-health preparedness.International Journal of Electronic Healthcare,1(3), pp.316-334.

Human Resource Management in Wordsmith

Question: Describe the issue in detail using relevant theories and frameworks. Explain why the issue needs improving in the organisation, make a case for change. You could include in your analysis a comparison of practice in your own organisation with industry best practice or with practice in another organisation? Answer: Introduction: The report aims at highlighting upon an organization named Wordsmith in Australia. It provides us with information about human resource management in general and that of in the mentioned organizational context. In the report, it has been discussed about an issue related to human resource management that the organization has been on the process of combating. The human resource challenge that is discussed and said to be faced by Wordsmith is that of lack of effectiveness in training and development of organizational workforce. It lays brief information about the organization and related human resource management issues. The information has been backed by relevant theories as well as frameworks. Suitable comparisons have also been drawn with that of other organizations in the same functional department. The report finally ends with a vivid conclusion and a suitable recommendation that state what strategies the mentioned organization along with its management must undertake and adopt to ensure effective training practices within the organization. Company Profile: Wordsmith organization is engaged in making products for human-driven analysis of real world data. It aims at creating the best user experience of the world to allow working with raw data, that which empowers individuals to ask as well as answer critical questions without the need to excel querying languages, command line, or statistical modeling (Sheehan, Fenwick Dowling, 2010). For achieving such objective, the organization builds platform to integrate, manage, and secure data. The company has been successfully performing in the competitive environment with increased effectiveness as well as efficiency. The human resource management has been quite efficient in its operations. Human Resource Management in Wordsmith: Professional engaged in human resource management at Wordsmith take up the usual functionalities of human resource management in general. They undertake important personnel decisions within organizational scope(Nery Kjerfve McLean, 2012). They are responsible to conduct ongoing training of members in different functional areas. Since human resource managers are meant to manage individuals from different backgrounds or qualifications, various challenging issues emerge out from time to time and these must be dealt with. Such issues may vary based upon its size, industrial concentration and urgency of situation. An effective strategy for organizational training is a key to bring about success in an organization. It often serves as an approach for developing organizational workforce, including that of an essential tool for successful recruitment as well as retention of workforce. One of the key challenges that a human resource department face is usually about the need to hire skilled and competent employees. Wordsmith being a large international company and has been growing quite well in Australia, is recently faced with this key personnel issue. Although it is a large Company, its employees seek for better opportunities outside the organization due to various motives (Mumford, 2000). Because of lack of adequate opportunities in the organization for its employees to grow and achieve excellence, employees have been leaving the organization in search of better opportunities. On research it has been identified that the key problem lies in the training aspects of employees. The managers at the respective department undertake various responsibilities to enhance employee loyalty as well as productivity. However, some issues exist that do not allow the organization to excel in the human resource management. It has been a normal practice within the organization after recruitment and selection, employees are not trained adequately. They lack enough skills and competencies in undertaking their respective jobs. This tends to decrease their motivation to take up challenging tasks and lead to organizational sustainability (Armstrong Stassen Templer, 2005). Lack of training sessions lead to waste of energy and resources allocated in the hiring process. Often it has been observed that within the organization, the low-performing employees spread a feeling of negativity about the firm. This potentially infects others as well as leads to overall downfall of potentials of the entire work culture. Due to the lack of effective performance management, the workforce fail to meet the objectives in due time. Role of Human Resource Management in Firms: The department is responsible for suggesting the management regarding the ways to manage strategically the employees as business resources. It includes management of recruitment of employees, coordinating their benefits, and also recommending employee training as well as development plans. Hence, the human resource professionals act as consultants in a way. They usually advise managers regarding several issues associated with employees and achievement of goals. Human resource management is greatly responsible for functions like collaboration, building commitment, and building capacity (Agarwal Kapoor(Kohli), 2013). The mangers collaborate with different professionals at organization to get various tasks performed in a planned and effective manner. Collaboration helps in quick deliverances of organizational functions. Human resource management plays the key role in building commitment among organizational employees. The department enables creation of capacity among the employees to m aintain effective inventory of organizational assets(Zafar, 2013). All strategic decisions undertaken by firms may possess important effects upon the organizational staffs as new recruits, retrenchment, and increased training may be needed. The senior human resource experts are placed at a position whereby they are required to several important decisions about managing human resources in an organization. In case of Wordsmith, it has been observed that the human resource department is engaged with several essential functionalities associated with human resources. However, the Company suffers from few drawbacks due to lack of effective planning and implementation of strategies. The key area of deficiency is training and development of employees (Adkins, 2005). The leaders, specially human resource managers must formulate and assess various strategies to adopt effective training and development strategies in order to counteract the difficult and crisis situation of Wordsmith related to aspects of training needs of the organizational workforce. Concept of Training in Organizations: All newly hired employees of an organization may or may not possess the essentially required skills and competencies related to particular tasks within an organizational culture. Once an organization hires employees for conducting business functions, the main aim must be vested in the need to provide these employees with increased quality of training and developmental sessions whereby employees would be thoroughly trained about the tasks they are meant to undertake at the organization (Baruch, 2006). Training provides the employees with the tool to conduct deliver their roles and responsibilities in the best possible manner. Organization must arrange for training sessions at regular intervals so that the employees are updated with the latest knowledge and skills. This is helpful for the organization to operate competitively and stay ahead of all its business competitors. Often, retraining becomes essential for restoring forgotten skills, or even to enhance present skills, or to acqui re more (Boon, Van der Klink Janssen, 2013). Training is considered to be one of the commonest issues which every human resource department is prone to facing, and also regarded as an essential requisite for employee development. Major Challenges: During the times of economic crisis, the human resource development department of Wordsmith faced some key challenges regarding the training and development of the workforce, beginning ensuring stability of increased performance of employees that helps in driving the firm till coaxing of success from untapped capable employees as well as underachievers(Tourigny Pulich, 2006). Development of Employee Potential This refers to the help that is provided to organizational employees in their capabilities to benefit the overall abilities of the firm tio perform effectively. The organization Wordsmith has been becoming stagnated and thereby constantly losing its ability to part itself from other rival or competitive companies (Westerman, 2001). The employees of the firm are unprepared to move upward direction within the company. This often leads the workforce to fail at promotions due to lack of improve career advancement. Managing Performance This is something more than providing encouragement to high performers. Often it has been observed that within the organization, the low-performing employees spread a feeling of negativity about the firm (De Cieri, Holmes, Abbott Pettit, 2005). This potentially infects others as well as leads to overall downfall of potentials of the entire work culture. Due to the lack of effective performance management, the workforce fail to meet the objectives in due time. This results in slowing down of wide progress. This often resulted in increased terminations and high training costs. Identification of High Potential Higher potential workforce are those who reflect the ability to perform most efficiently and contribute to a great level (Subramony, 2006). The organization as mentioned here lacks efficiency in identifying increased potential of employees. The human resource management department fails to adopt suitable strategies to identify potential workforce. Engaging Workforce Disengaged workforce exhibit a key challenge to productivity of workforce that may prove costly for several firms. This has been a key issue at Wordsmith(Frock, 2015). The managers fail to keep their employees engaged within jobs and this result in dissatisfaction among employees at their positions. The workforce is not encouraged thoroughly to deliver their best performances by staying engaged in organizational activities. Standard Effective Training Strategies: An effective strategy for organizational training is a key to bring about success in an organization. It often serves as an approach for developing organizational workforce, including that of an essential tool for successful recruitment as well as retention of workforce. Development of training strategies provides an organization a competitive advantage that would enable it to survive through the competitive future (Hardr Reeve, 2009). Such a plan needs to be precise, comprehensive, and that every organizational member needs to clearly understand it to ensure proper training facility at the right time. In case of Wordsmith, the higher authority needs to ensure proper planning and execution of a desirable training strategy as depicted below: Strategy: Step 1 The very first stage ensures that the organizational leaders including that of higher management must determine business strategies as well as mission statement. The goals as well as objectives of the organization are to be discussed thoroughly including that of needs of human resource. The management must meet with the head of the human resource management and its managers to discuss various needs of employee development. All previous files in the department are to be reviewed. Those identified human resource needs are to be discussed with operational managers as well. Step 2 The next step is to identify and analyze all training needs by contrasting with overall goals and needs of human resource within an organization. The gaps between organizational goals as well as employee development needs are to be discussed. Creation of training goals for meeting performance goals would be followed (Howell, Kirk-Brown Cooper, 2012). Then it is important to formulate particular learning strategies for overcoming performance gaps. Step 3 the next step demands developing training plan for narrowing of performance gaps. It is important to establish learning goals for individual training program. Programs are to be identified and that all members must attend to it. It is to be ensured that training is conducted in evaluation of every employee. A management system needs to be created which would allow administration, registration, and tracking of all programs related to employee training. Step 4 Management support is necessary to agree to implement such plans. Plans must be reviewed along with organizational leaders to achieve success. Every raising question is to be answered and all issues need to be resolves that are related to training needs. All material are planned as well as plans are finalized (Lai Wan, 2007). Step 5 The plan that is finalized needs to be scheduled as well as implemented. Resources for training must be identified, along with selection of training instructors and facilities. The training schedule must be distributed and reviewed with concerned managers as well as leaders. Conclusion: Thus from the elaborate study about the organization, it may be concluded that the organization Wordsmith along with its topmost management must act in good faith so that the employers may adequately consult with the employees and team members about various organizational changes that may impact the organizational workforce (Manoharan, Muralidharan Deshmukh, 2012). This has been deemed true in the issue of employee training and development process within the organization. The strategies need to be reviewed and revived in order to fetch the maximum benefits in favor of the employees of Wordsmith. The organization also needs to ensure that implementation of these strategies has effective positive impacts upon the workforce. One of the key challenges that a human resource department face is usually about the need to hire skilled and competent employees. Wordsmith being a large international company and has been growing quite well in Australia, is recently faced with this key personnel issue. Although it is a large Company, its employees seek for better opportunities outside the organization due to various motives. Because of lack of adequate opportunities in the organization for its employees to grow and achieve excellence, employees have been leaving the organization in search of better opportunities. Recommendations: Human resource management department may encourage growth by placing employees under a mentor with respect to their target position or move out of the comfort zone with increasing base of knowledge as well as experiences with sustainable growth. The department at Wordsmith must build a clear understanding of workforce, determining definite goals, maintaining timely reviews for creating effective communication that is essential (Liakhovitski, Stone-Romero Jaccard, 2008). Managers at Wordsmith must utilize effective assessment tools like maintaining topmost level of organizational competence, with consistent tangible outcomes which exceed expectations as well as leading to achievement of organizational goals for identifying highly potential employees. It must be bored in the mind of the organizational managers that ensuring constant engagement of employees in their jobs refers to increasing their comfort at their specific positions, and also engage the in further achievement of goals. It must be noticed by the managers that employees who are contented and happily engaged into tasks are more likely to progress at a faster rate. They in fact lead to increased production as well as effectiveness of organizations. The strategies need to be reviewed and revived in order to fetch the maximum benefits in favor of the employees of Wordsmith. The organization also needs to ensure that implementation of these strategies has effective positive impacts upon the workforce. References Adkins, C. (2005). Staffing organizations: A comprehensive applied exercise.Human Resource Management Review,15(3), 226-237. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2005.11.005 Agarwal, B., Kapoor(Kohli), N. (2013). Impact of HRM Practices on Employees Efficacy and Engagement.Trai. And Deve. Jrnl.,4(2), 169. doi:10.5958/j.2231-069x.4.2.018 Armstrong Stassen, M., Templer, A. (2005). Adapting training for older employees.Journal Of Mgmt Development,24(1), 57-67. doi:10.1108/02621710510572353 Baruch, Y. (2006). Career development in organizations and beyond: Balancing traditional and contemporary viewpoints.Human Resource Management Review,16(2), 125-138. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.002 Boon, J., Van der Klink, M., Janssen, J. (2013). Fostering intrapreneurial competencies of employees in the education sector.International Journal Of Training And Development,17(3), 210-220. doi:10.1111/ijtd.12010 De Cieri, H., Holmes, B., Abbott, J., Pettit, T. (2005). Achievements and challenges for work/life balance strategies in Australian organizations.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,16(1), 90-103. doi:10.1080/0958519042000295966 Frock, D. (2015). Identifying mentors for student employees on campus.Euro J Of Training And Dev,39(1), 43-58. doi:10.1108/ejtd-09-2013-0099 Hardr, P., Reeve, J. (2009). Training corporate managers to adopt a more autonomy-supportive motivating style toward employees: an intervention study.International Journal Of Training And Development,13(3), 165-184. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2419.2009.00325.x Howell, A., Kirk-Brown, A., Cooper, B. (2012). 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Managing Creative People: Strategies and Tactics for Innovation.Human Resource Management Review,10(3), 313-351. doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(99)00043-1 Nery Kjerfve, T., McLean, G. (2012). Repatriation of expatriate employees, knowledge transfer, and organizational learning.Euro J Of Training And Dev,36(6), 614-629. doi:10.1108/03090591211245512 Sheehan, C., Fenwick, M., Dowling, P. (2010). An investigation of paradigm choice in Australian international human resource management research.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,21(11), 1816-1836. doi:10.1080/09585192.2010.505081 Subramony, M. (2006). Why organizations adopt some human resource management practices and reject others: An exploration of rationales.Human Resource Management,45(2), 195-210. doi:10.1002/hrm.20104 Tourigny, L., Pulich, M. (2006). Improving Retention of Older Employees Through Training and Development.The Health Care Manager,25(1), 43-52. doi:10.1097/00126450-200601000-00007 Westerman, A. (2001). 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The Electoral College Essays (2003 words) - Voting Systems

The Electoral College When the Constitutional Convention gathered in 1784 they had the difficult task of determining how our government should be assembled and what systems we should use to elect them. They quickly decided congress should have the powers to pass laws and the people should elect these people to ensure they are following the will of the people. But who should elect the president? Congress was the initial choice of most of the framers, but then they realized they first dilemma; by having congress elect the president, he would be loyal only to congress and not the people. The second and most logically thought was to have the people elect the president. However, this too was a problem in the eyes of most of the framers. They felt that people were prone to being rash and emotional and therefore could not be trusted to make a wise decision. So then congress settled on the final choice, which was to be a compromise between the smaller and larger states, which would ensure that the president would be fairly and wisely selected and that smaller states would have the same power as larger states. This system is called the Electoral College. In the Electoral College, each state is granted one vote for every representative and one for every senator, thus ensuring that each state would be equally represented when electing the president. However, the same question arises every four years, are the ideals that were used to create the Electoral College system over 200 years ago still applicable today or have that outlived their intended purposes? In order to answer that we must first explore the purposes for setting up the Electoral College and then determine how relevant it is to today. The first purpose for setting up the Electoral College was to ensure that congress did not have too much power. When the system of government was finally decided on, our founding fathers understood the importance of the balance of power within the three branches of the government. They called this system checks and balances. This system was set up to ensure that the government would remain loyal to the people and loyal to their states (Hamilton). In The Federalist Papers, No. 68, Alexander Hamilton discusses the importance of having the president elected by the Electoral College. He said that in order to ensure that we do not end up with the same problems that America had with the monarch of England, it was important that the balance of power was spread throughout the government and that no one portion have too much power. Another reason Alexander Hamilton gave for not having congress elect the president was that the founders wanted to reassure states that they had not given up all their power to a federal government. In order to ratify the constitution, the framers knew that it would have to be approved in each of the thirteen states. They also knew that these states would be skeptical of a powerful central government that would have the ability to take away all their rights. So, they would have to make sure that each of these states was comfortable with the amount of power given to each branch of the central government. This point is also clearly evident today. During the election this year, the Republican Party ran on a platform that included the premise of a smaller government. This platform was in line with an MSNBC poll that was taken in July 2000, which asked this question, Do you think it is important to limit the size of the federal government? Over 72 percent of the 4,143 people surveyed said they believed that it is important to limit the size of the government. So even in the age of government programs which help support the citizens of this nation, people still understand the importance of keeping our government small. The second purpose for the Electoral College was to give smaller states the same rights and powers as the larger states. There are two primary reasons why the smaller states have the same, if not more, power than the larger states when it comes to electing the president. The first is, a presidential candidate must

Analysing Sunnis And Shiites Split Religion Essay Essays

Analysing Sunnis And Shiites Split Religion Essay Essays Analysing Sunnis And Shiites Split Religion Essay Paper Analysing Sunnis And Shiites Split Religion Essay Paper The difference between Sunni and Shia religious orders of Islam are non to the mammoth proportions as most Western literature assume. It is true that there are minor fluctuations in the manner they take their several spiritual caputs and attribute significance to the history of the household of Muhammad s, nevertheless, cultural and political differences hold the most dissentious power over the spiritual forces. It is hence important to observe that both religious orders believe and put accent in the Five Pillars of Islam, believe in and read same Holy Quran, and moreover see each other Muslims. The five pillars that form the nucleus of their religious holiness are Testimony of religion ( Kalima ) , Prayer ( Salat ) , Almsgiving ( Zakat ) , Fasting ( Sawm ) , Pilgrimage ( Hajj ) ( Huda, 2010 ) . The split between the Sunnis and Shia can be traced back to the decease of the Prophet Muhammad, and the quandary of the replacement of Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim state. Prophet Muhammad died in the eventide of June 8, 632 A.D. ( the twelfth of Rabi al-Away ) at the age of 63. There after, the Sunni Muslims were in understanding with the base taken by most of the Prophet s comrades that the new caput should be chosen from among those deemed competent of the occupation. This is the place that was adopted and implemented. The Prophet Muhammad s close familiarity and counsellor, Abu Bark, accordingly became the first Caliph of the Islamic state. It is deserving observing that the word Sunni is an Arabic word significance one who follows the traditions of the Prophet. Contrary to the Sunni belief over the sequence, some Muslims hold the thought that leading should hold been from the Prophet s ain household, handed over to those specifically appointed by him, or amid Imams chosen by God Himself. These were the Shia Muslims. They believed that after the decease of Prophet Muhammad, leading ought to hold been passed on straight to his cousin/son-in-law, Ali. Since those historical old ages, Shia Muslims have non acknowledged the power and authorization of elective leaders. The Shia Muslims alternatively opted to acknowledge and obey the Imams they believed were chosen by the Prophet Muhammad or by God Himself. The word Shia is an Arabic word for a group or supportive party of people. It is short signifier of Shia-t-Ali, or the Party of Ali. Shias are besides referred to as followings of Ahl-al-Bayt or Peoples of the Household ( of the Prophet ) ( Huda ) . Majority of the Muslims are the Sunni Muslims at 85 % of all the Muslims allover the universe. A touchable figure of Shia Muslims are found in Iraq and Iran, with some big minority communities in Syria, Yemen, Lebanon, Bahrain etc. Having looked at the brief history of the split of the two religious orders and the grounds behind the split, it is cardinal hence, to look at the differences in spiritual belief s, leading, texts, and any other that may be. From the historical differences in political leading, some religious life facets were accordingly changed and since diverge between the two groups. However, as note hitherto, the Shia and Sunni Muslims clasp in common the cardinal articles of Islamic belief and are brethren in the Islam religion. As a affair of fact, seldom or neer at all will a Muslim identify themselves as Shia or Sunni Muslim but instead as Muslim ( Austine Cline ) . Shia Muslims believe that the Imam is of course impeccant since his authorization comes straight from God. From this, the Shia Muslims revere and adore the Imams as saints and strive to execute pilgrims journeies for Godhead intercession to their shrines and graves. Countering this is the Sunni Muslim belief that there is no foundation in Islam for a familial advantaged class or rank of spiritual leaders. They hence have no topographic point for the pilgrims journey to the saint s shrines. Sunni Muslims argue that control of the community is non familial or a birthright, but a trust that must be earned and hence can be given or taken away by the people themselves. Another difference comes in the holiness of spiritual texts. Shia Muslims have some bitterness to some of the coevalss of the Prophet Muhammad. This sprouts from their bases and workss in the historical old ages of strife about leading among the Muslim nations. It is said that Abu Bakr, Umar, Aisha, etc ( Sunnis ) narrated much about the Prophet Muhammad s life and religious brushs, pattern and journey. The Shia Muslims reject these Hadith do non take them as a footing for their spiritual patterns. This consequently informs divergency in spiritual pattern between the Sunnis and Shias. The differences concern facets of spiritual life: supplication, fasting, pilgrims journey, and so on and so forth. For case Shiites can distill the five day-to-day supplications into 3 or 4 yet Sunnis do nt, Shiites might pay their alms ( Zakat ) straight to the hapless, yet Sunnis wage to the province. Shiites besides promotes a probationary matrimony ( muttah ) for work forces going far from place whi le Sunnis do nt impute to this ( Sunnis vs. Shiites ) . The Shias place their brow onto apiece of natural stuff while praying ( clay tablet, dirt or sand from Karbala ( where Imam Hussain was martyred ) , instead than onto a supplication mat. The Sunnis nevertheless recommend that one should non bow down on a natural surface. Shias hold their custodies at their sides while praying while Sunnis on the other side their arms-right over left- and clasp their custodies, though either is acceptable. Religious Shia adult females black like the male spiritual leaders. Conventional Sunni adult females cover around the margin of the face with the hijab but merely to below their mentum such that the mentum can demo in portion while the Shia adult females will cover the margin of the face and the mentum wholly. Shias more frequently than non deduce their name from the name or rubrics of saints. They frequently draw their line of descent from to Ali and Fatimah. The three Sects of Shiites Although, through history there were several subdivisions of Shia Muslims, presently merely three are prevailing. The Ashariyyah, deeply called the Twelvers, the Ismaili and the Zaidi. Ashariyyah or Twelvers as the disciples are called believe in the 12 divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams. These were the replacements of Prophet Muhammad and were religious and political leaders. On mean 85 % of Shia are Twelvers. Ismaili is the 2nd largest religious order of the Shia Islam after the Twelvers. They derive their name from their credence of Ismail ibn Jafar as the divinely-appointed religious replacement to Jafar as-sadiq, they differ from the Twelvers, who accept Musa al-Kizim, the younger brother of Ismail, as the proper Imam. Zaidi are followings of the Zaidi fiqh and they identify with the first four of the Twelve Imams but they accept Zayd ibn Ali as their Fifth Imam, in topographic point of his brother Muhammad al-Baqir. After Zayd ibn Ali, the Zaidi acknowledge other posterities of Hasan ibn Ali or Husayn ibn Ali to be Imams. Among the well known Zaidi Imams are Yahya ibn Zayd, Muhammad al Nafs az-Zakiyah and Ibrahim ibn Abdullah.

Roots of the post Second World War environmental movements Essay

Roots of the post Second World War environmental movements - Essay Example The Second World War was described as a ‘watershed’ that developed into environmental activism that spawned quickly during the 1960s.The Second World War was a time of difficulty for many people around the world,it was also realized that the world was a small space that needed to be protected from the constant destruction by man towards the environment. After the war, the 50s was a fast-paced moving world littered with images of the perfect life, the perfect housewife in advertisements. These images were to accommodate a growing push towards a more materialistic life as more and more inventions were being made and used. Among a lot of the products available during the 1950s were items that were actually hazardous to the environment like the hairspray from the musical ‘Hairspray’ for example that encouraged the use of hairspray in modern hairstyles as well as the release of dangerous chemicals such as CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) and vinyl chloride which was a known carcinogen. It was also during the 1950s and the 1960s as more and more industrial accidents occurred that affected the environment that caused a revived concern about how we treated our ecology. The modern livelihood of man was farfetched from the roots that they have begun as hunters and gatherers who are more ecologically aware and attentive to the adverse effects of man and their exploitation and manipulation of their environment (Sahlins 1971) but as industrialization began to boom even more quickly the way man lived prior to the Second World War was a far cry from contemporary man. ... garments and transient objects. Aside from the growth of industrialization man continued to try and change their environment to bend to their own will. For example, if during Victorian times a garden was simply a garden and ways to control pesticides from invading gardens were by utilizing simple home remedies such as using vinegar. With the growth of industrialization and as many more people became wealthy enough to own a garden albeit with lesser time due to work quicker pesticides were used as a solution to pest problems in home gardens and in industrial farms. In 1960, a naturalist by the name of Rachel Carson began to publish a series of writings that were concerned with the adverse effects of the use of chemicals in the control of natural environments (Nash 1990:192-194). For example, she argued that the use of DDT which was only to get rid of weeds and pesticides affected the surroundings of the weeds themselves therefore also pointlessly poisoning the earth for no apparent reason in gardens except to make them look good and for industrial farms the ability of evolution would only create and cause even more stronger pesticides who will be resistant to the effects of the DDT and therefore needing even stronger more dangerous chemicals. Although cries such as Carson on the effects of chemicals were heard but not fully heeded it was also a backlash against government policies which tended to support industrial growth rather than protect the environment for the 'benefit' of the people. The politics of pollution during the 50s and 60s was a climate that favoured a 'little bit' of pollution and some money to be made over the unalterable effects on the earth's nature. For example, in the 1950s to the early 1960s the United